That ensured the easiness of data entry, analysis, and reporting. Two rounds of National Learning Assessments have been developed to assess the quality of education within two grades three and six in the Basic Education level.
About Arabic and Math lessons were produced and broadcast on the national TV station for two hours per day; they were also uploaded to YouTube. Lesson broadcasting on the state and private TV channels is underway. Sudan Basic Education Emergency Support Project : Effective May , the project objective is to sustain enrollment in basic public education in Sudan during the transition school year through providing school grants.
The project developed, printed, and distributed 55, copies of the school grant manual [1] o all 16, public schools 3 per school , prepared and printed 35, copies of the grant application, and provided 16, schools. School grant committees were formed at the state level, coordinators were selected, and focal persons were assigned.
The Directorate of Training at the Federal Ministry of Education and the states, in coordination with the Project Coordination Unit , conducted National Training of Trainers, targeting all states and orientation workshops training in school-based management at the state, local, and school levels. Social Protection Safety Net Project : The project aims to strengthen the capacity of the Ministry of Security and Social Development to transparently and effectively implement the national Cash Transfer Program in correlation with piloting a Productive Safety Net approach for poor households.
The Management Information System infrastructure and training to support the recertification process are in place and the data is being verified frequently. In addition, the project targeted and reached 1, households, of which are headed by women, and about cash transfer staff and cash transfer beneficiaries received training. SFSP will deliver cash transfers to Sudanese families affected by economic reforms and other short-term shocks.
As of September 13, , over 2. Sustainable Natural Resource Management Project : Financed through the Global Environmental Facility, the project aided in the adoption of sustainable land and water management practices in more than , hectares of land in different parts of Sudan. Sustainable Livelihoods for Displaced and Vulnerable Communities in Eastern Sudan: Phase II SLDPII Project : This project aims to strengthen the capacity of local authorities, displaced people, and vulnerable host communities, to plan and implement sustainable livelihoods and natural resource management practices.
More than 17, Internally Displaced Persons and host community members participated in different activities and 1, received livelihood grants and skill training. MDA target areas by a different threshold. Figure 4 demonstrates that the MDA target areas varied considerably depending on the implementation unit.
Table 6 shows the cost-effectiveness of MDA interventions at the ecological zone and district levels, suggesting that ecological zone-level interventions are more cost-effective than district-level interventions under all circumstances, both for community-wide and SAC-only MDA programmes. This nationwide survey, conducted more than 30 years after the first national survey by the WHO, determined the geographical distribution of schistosomiasis and other IHs in Sudan, and also revealed important epidemiological findings, particularly related to latrine status and risk behaviours such as open defecation.
The overall prevalence was 5. STH prevalence was 0. These results are consistent with those of recent studies [ 29 , 30 ] conducted in some states of South Sudan bordering Sudan, where the overall prevalence of S.
Boys tended to be more frequently and heavily infected than girls, which was consistent with prior studies. This nationwide survey further refined the methodology of existing surveys in Sudan. The geographical foci of schistosomiasis were identified by dividing districts into ecological zones, and sufficient sample sizes and random sampling made it possible to estimate precise prevalence at the state level, which is critical for better design and monitoring of control programmes and their progress.
The results of federal-level and independent quality control demonstrated that the laboratory examinations in this survey were of high quality. Fewer than ten examination results 0. Recruiting experienced experts for state laboratories, most of whom were senior laboratory technicians at state hospitals, led to the high-quality examination results. It is worth noting that the hyper-endemicity of schistosomiasis was concentrated in fragile and border states. East Darfur Urgent measures should be taken to control the high prevalence of schistosomiasis and to disrupt its transmission in these unstable states.
Darfur, South Kordofan, and White Nile States border South Sudan, and migration or human mobilization frequently occurs across these borders [ 29 , 30 ]. Collaboration between both governments and among development partners working in each country is required for designing and implementing control programmes, and joint efforts are required to disrupt disease transmission and to sustain control effects.
Although this was a cross-sectional study on schistosomiasis and IHs, the results demonstrate the potential contribution of latrine improvement, open defecation eradication and reductions in the likelihood of coming into contact with polluted water. The importance of water and sanitation improvements is well recognised as a key element of NTD control strategies [ 31 ].
However, control programmes are often limited to preventive chemotherapy in practice, partly because evidence is lacking regarding the possible impacts of improved water and sanitation on NTD infections [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. The findings of higher odds of infection among children without a household or school latrine and among those who frequently come into contact with contaminated water suggest that mere anthelmintic drug administration neither sufficiently controls or eliminates these diseases nor has a sustained effect.
Incorporating WASH components into control programmes will accelerate breaking the transmission cycle and promote more sustained outcomes. This study provides insight into possible ways to design programmes to effectively reduce infections by illustrating the potential of diverse, innovative ways to disrupt the transmission cycle. For instance, building small stations with locally available materials at low cost for doing laundry or watering livestock near rivers or streams could help children to avoid contact with polluted water.
In many villages, we observed residents living on both sides of a stream or river crossing it on foot or wading in the water to travel in traditional boats frequently, for purposes including agricultural activities and going to school. Therefore, inter-sectoral collaboration between the WASH and NTD sectors will be vital for designing and implementing control and elimination programmes suitable for each local context [ 16 ]. This study also suggests that a tremendous number of people would receive appropriate MDA interventions if those interventions are designed at smaller units than the district level, and the potential to avoid unnecessary mass treatment is no less important.
Using the WHO protocol [ 32 ], tens of thousands of people living in highly endemic areas would not receive treatment, and other people not in need of treatment would be treated, as was the case in Senegal [ 18 ]. The sample size for schistosomiasis was larger than would have been obtained using the WHO methodology; however, this novel method would result in more targeted and cost-effective MDA for schistosomiasis. We encountered difficulties in accessing target schools in several unstable states, such as Central Darfur, South Kordofan and West Kordofan, where surveys were delayed and some schools had to be replaced with others due to security issues.
However, the overall proportion of schools replaced was less than 0. This experience underscores the importance of community engagement prior to the survey as a way to increase the likelihood of parents allowing specimens from their children to be collected and examined. Conducting health education campaigns can be a good example of this. This was particularly important in some rural areas of Sudan, where there were rumours that the nationwide survey was intended to harm community members or that the treatment would cause women to be infertile.
Extensive efforts were made to recruit a sufficient number of data collectors and laboratory workers, in particular to avoid placing a burden on the existing health system, since most of them were employees in the public sector, either at state hospitals or the state Ministries of Health. By temporarily recruiting experienced people, we completed this large-scale survey within ten weeks. Despite the short period allowed for the survey, the high profile of supervisors for intensive monitoring and supervision made it possible to undertake an intense implementation of nationwide data collection and examination of specimens.
In this study, the use of random sampling may have resulted in slightly lower prevalence estimates. However, a previous study [ 24 ] indicated that health workers were not always well-informed about where schistosomiasis was most prevalent, and treatment decisions based on purposively-selected villages therefore did not systematically result in more treatments than those based on randomly-selected villages.
Another limitation of this study is that we could not directly observe water sources and latrines at the household level due to time and workforce constraints. However, doing so should be considered for the next round of the survey. We found that MDA interventions would be more cost-effective at the sub-district level than at the district level, and there was a strong association between schistosomiasis prevalence and latrine status, at both the household and school levels.
Resource constraints have impeded schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis control and elimination. Estimating the prevalence of these conditions on a solid epidemiological basis will help the Sudanese government and its neighbouring countries develop adequate control and elimination strategies. This study highlights that development partners inside Darfur need to pay attention to the high prevalence of schistosomiasis, and that neighbouring countries should work together to develop adequate control and elimination strategies against schistosomiasis occurring in border areas.
Comprehensive approaches surrounding WASH interventions, as well as preventive chemotherapy, may have tremendous potential for schistosomiasis and helminthiasis elimination. Developing innovative ways to avoid contact with contaminated water, such as laundry stations or troughs made with locally available material, is no less important.
Data supporting the conclusions of this article are provided within the article and its additional files. Raw data cannot be shared publicly because of Sudanese Government policy. Engels D. Neglected tropical diseases in the sustainable development goals. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Programmes, partnerships, and governance for elimination and control of neglected tropical diseases. Development assistance for neglected tropical diseases: progress since Int Health.
The neglected tropical diseases: the ancient afflictions of stigma and poverty and the prospects for their control and elimination. Adv Exp Med Biol. Rescuing the bottom billion through control of neglected tropical diseases.
Socioeconomic aspects of neglected tropical diseases. Neglected tropical diseases: progress towards addressing the chronic pandemic. Human schistosomiasis. The global atlas of helminth infection: mapping the way forward in neglected tropical disease control. Mapping, monitoring, and surveillance of neglected tropical diseases: towards a policy framework.
Prioritising infectious disease mapping. Atlas of the global distribution of schistosomiasis. Geneva: World Health Organization; High-frequency surveys conducted in June showed that The situation has since improved somewhat, with Expenditures on key social sectors including health, education, water and sanitation, and agriculture and rural development are limited. Consequently, poverty levels are expected to remain extremely high on the back of severe food insecurity and limited access to basic services across the country.
The main priority for the government is to address the underlying causes of the conflict and stabilize the economy. The authorities have accelerated dialogue on key reforms intended to cushion the economy amidst a double health and economic crisis. The current reform dialogue has centered on public financial management reforms.
These include the formation of an oversight committee for Public Financial Management Reform Strategy PFMRS and its governance structures, as well as a technical committee on the economy whose role is to advise on ways to diversify both sources of growth and revenue.
Given the necessity of these reforms, are critical, and may have to be accompanied by wider economic management reforms in the medium term. The World Bank has been engaged since the conclusion of the North-South Agreement in and the creation of the autonomous Government of Southern Sudan. The resumption of conflict, however, was a critical setback to the country program and for development in general.
Following the signing of a peace agreement and the formation of the Transitional Unity Government in which aimed to end the internal conflict, the World Bank started preparing a Country Engagement Note CEN to guide its intervention in the country over a period of 24 months FY While, the resumption of conflict in July delayed its preparation, the CEN was finalized and endorsed by the Board of Executive Directors on January 16, Its design involved extensive consultations with key stakeholders and took into consideration the comparative advantage of World Bank engagement in South Sudan.
In particular, artists became an integral part of the months-long sit-in at the military headquarters in Khartoum, which was known as the heart of the revolution until it was violently dispersed by paramilitary forces on June 3, This immense expression of creativity was both a result of loosening restrictions on freedom of expression and, at the same time, a catalyst for further change. Nonviolent Action.
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