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Dubai to soon become a cycling-friendly city. This included that of the famous photographer Vittorio Sellatook who took an array of fascinating and legendary photos of the Karakorum region in this period.
Also in this year the Duke of Abruzzi, motivated both by scientific exploration and reconnaissance for potential alpine operations, led his own large expedition to K2.
This group attempted the climb via the route of the Southeast Ridge later to be known as the The Abruzzi Spur , but were hugely restricted by their lack of training. Frustratingly, when the expedition pushed on in an attempt to climb the 7, metre high Skyang Kangri to the west, a giant gorge blocked their way. Nevertheless, the determined Duke did persevere and later succeeded in reaching an altitude of 7, meters. This in fact became a record high right up until when it was surpassed on Everest.
They were not successful in their climb; however thanks to one of the expedition members, Professor Ardito Desio, some highly valuable scientific work was carried out in the Baltoro Region during this time.
He was a knowledgeable leader within the field of Science and, thanks to his expertise, this expedition proved at least partly advantageous. Shipton Tilman was a well-renowned explorer, mountaineer, sailor, writer and self-proclaimed planter in Kenya. Commandeering a group of Sherpas led by the well-known Pasang Kikuli for assistance, the entire group made good progress and had reached the mountain by the beginning of June.
On July 1st Camp 1 was established and, owing to the favourable weather conditions, several more camps followed. In spite of difficulties on the lower part of the mountain their final high altitude camp was established at 7, meters and, on July 18th, Houston and Petzoldt reached the "Shoulder" located at 7, meters.
On July 21st, Houston and Petzoldt pushed up further in a mission to establish a site for Camp 8. A possible location existed directly below the top pyramid but Petzoldt pushed on still further, eventually reaching an estimated 7, meters before the decision was taken to descend.
Camps were established as in previous expeditions and the climbers pushed onwards to establish Camp 8 at 7, meters. At this stage, on 19th July, Wiessner and Pasang continued upwards to establish Camp 9 at an altitude of 7, meters, leaving fellow climber Wolfe behind. Given the favourable weather conditions, Wiessner was keen to complete the ascent by moonlight but as Pasang was reluctant; the pair instead began their descent. Exhausted, they reached Camp 9 at 2. They had come the closest of anyone yet to reaching the 8, meter K2 summit.
Two days later the pair made a second attempt via another route. Passang in particular struggled, having lost his crampon during the descent two days earlier.
Deflated, the pair turned back and headed back down to Camp once again. Supplies were now low and, to replenish, they descended further to where Wolfe had waited. Together the three men proceeded down towards Camp 7, expecting to find their fellow group members and a Supply Depot where they could re-stock. On approaching however, they found this camp, and then all camps from there down to Camp 2, completely abandoned. Seemingly while Wiessner and Pasang had been attempting the summit, the rest of their expedition members had climbed no further than Camp 2, meanwhile ordering the Sherpas to abandon all other stations up to Camp 7.
When finally on July 24th Wiessner and Pasang made it to Base Camp they were unsurprisingly completely exhausted and suffering from frostbite. As Wolfe had not made it down further than Camp 7 rescue attempts were now made by the Pasang Kikuli and some of his Sherpas to reach him.
Unfortunately, a storm delayed them at this stage and it was not until July 31st that Pasang and two of the Sherpas again pushed upwards to fetch him.
By 2nd August neither Wolfe nor his rescuers had returned to Base Camp and there appeared to be no sign of life further up the mountain. At this stage, Wiessner made one last rescue attempt. Unfortunately he was delayed by yet another storm lasting for 3 days and by this time he realised that no survivors could possibly remain.
In the Italian Professor Ardito Desio, a veteran of the expedition, along with Mario Puchoz surveyed the Karakoram terrain, seeking out possible routes up K2. Returning home having made their observations, Desio initiated plans to reach the summit. In his view, the best possible chance of success would require a military style operation followed and executed with strict precision and with any personal ambitions pushed aside. In January , twenty-one carefully selected expedition members met in a tent camp based at 4, meters on the Mount Blanc Massif.
It is, however, the most prominent peak within the Karakoram range. K2 is notable for its local relief as well as its total height. It stands over above much of the glacial valley bottoms at its base.
It is a consistently steep pyramid, dropping quickly in almost all directions. The north side is the steepest: there it rises over above the K2 Qogir Glacier in only of horizontal distance. In most directions, it achieves over of vertical relief in less than. A expedition led by George Wallerstein made an inaccurate measurement showing that K2 was taller than Mount Everest, and therefore the tallest mountain in the world.
A corrected measurement was made in , but by then the claim that K2 was the tallest mountain in the world had already made it into many news reports and reference works.
The height of K2 given on maps and encyclopedias is. In the summer of , a Pakistani-Italian expedition to K2, named "K2 60 Years Later", was organized to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the first ascent of K2. One of the goals of the expedition was to accurately measure the height of the mountain using satellite navigation. The height of K2 measured during this expedition was.
The mountains of K2 and Broad Peak, and the area westward to the lower reaches of Sarpo Laggo glacier, consist of metamorphic rocks, known as the K2 Gneiss, and part of the Karakoram Metamorphic Complex. The K2 Gneiss consists of a mixture of orthogneiss and biotite-rich paragneiss. On the south and southeast face of K2, the orthogneiss consists of a mixture of a strongly foliated plagioclase-hornblende gneiss and a biotite-hornblende-K-feldspar orthogneiss, which has been intruded by garnet-mica leucogranitic dikes.
In places, the paragneisses include clinopyroxene-hornblende-bearing psammites, garnet grossular -diopside marbles, and biotite-graphite phyllites. Near the memorial to the climbers who have died on K2, above Base Camp on the south spur, thin impure marbles with quartzites and mica schists, called the Gilkey-Puchoz sequence , are interbanded within the orthogneisses.
On the west face of Broad Peak and south spur of K2, lamprophyre dikes, which consist of clinopyroxene and biotite-porphyritic vogesites and minettes, have intruded the K2 gneiss. The K2 Gneiss is separated from the surrounding sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks of the surrounding Karakoram Metamorphic Complex by normal faults. For example, a fault separates the K2 gneiss of the east face of K2 from limestones and slates comprising nearby Skyang Kangri.
The granitic precursor protolith to the K2 Gneiss originated as the result of the production of large bodies of magma by a northward-dipping subduction zone along what was the continental margin of Asia at that time and their intrusion as batholiths into its lower continental crust.
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